%% %% This is file `samplus.tex', generated %% on <1994/5/27> with the docstrip utility (2.2e). %% %% The original source files were: %% %% sample.dtx (with options: `agu') %% ************************************** % * SAMPLE INPUT FOR AGUTeX & AGU++ * %% ************************************** % Various alternatives for the input are shown, commented out. % E.g., for the documentstyle options % for the authors' names, % for the bibliography % Feel free to play around with these variations, especially with % the style options draft and twocolumn and 11pt/12pt %%%% SELECT ONE OF THE NEXT LINES FOR LATEX2E ONLY %\documentclass{article} %\documentclass[twoside]{article} %% AND THEN ONE OF THESE LINES %\usepackage{agu2e,jgrga,aguplus} % CAMERA-READY, JGR %\usepackage{agu2e,agupp,aguplus} % PREPRINT %\usepackage{agu2e,agums,aguplus} % MANUSCRIPT %%%% FOR LATEX 2.09, SELECT ONE OF THE FOLLOWING \documentstyle[jgrga,aguplus]{article} % CAMERA-READY FOR JGR %\documentstyle[twoside,agupp,aguplus]{article} % PREPRINT, TWOSIDED %\documentstyle[agums,aguplus]{article} % MANUSCRIPT % SOME EXTRA FEATURES THAT MAY BE TURNED ON WITH APPROPRIATE COMMANDS % THESE ARE ALL PART OF AGU++, NOT STANDARD AGUTeX % \printfigures % PRINTS OUT FIGURES AT END OF MANUSCRIPT AND % CAMERA-READY COPY \doublecaption{35pc} % FIGURE CAPTIONS PRINTED OUT TWICE, IN REGULAR % WIDTH AND WIDTH 35 PICAS (STILL REQ'D BY JGR) % EFFECTIVE ONLY FOR CAMERA-READY COPY \sectionnumbers % TURNS ON SECTION NUMBERS, WHICH ARE TURNED % OFF BY DEFAULT (AGU DISCOURAGES THEM) \extraabstract % ADDS SUPPLEMENTAL ABSTRACT WITH PAPER NUMBER % AT END OF CAMERA-READY COPY (FOR JGR) %\afour % SET PAPER SIZE FOR EUROPEAN A4 SPECIFICATION %\figmarkoff % INCLUDE TO SUPPRESS AUTOMATIC MARGINAL MARKING OF FIGS, TABLES %\tighten % STANDARD AGUTeX: TURNS OFF DOUBLE SPACING IN MANUSCRIPT % PREAMBLE INFOMATION ABOUT THE PAPER \lefthead{Smith and Weston} \righthead{Western Frontiers and Geophysics} \received{April 1, 1989} \revised{November 11, 1993} \accepted{December 25, 1999} \journalid{JGRA}{January 2000} \articleid{1}{4} \paperid{99JZ12345} \ccc{0000-0000/00/99JZ-12345\$05.00} % \cpright{PD}{1999} % \cpright{Crown}{1999} % (Crown copyrights have no "\ccc{}" information.) \cpright{AGU}{1999} \authoraddr{J. G. Smith, Institute for Historical Geophysics, 26 Camrose Drive, Houston, Texas} \authoraddr{H. K. Weston, School for Military Advances, 87 Blackborn Rd, London, United Kingdom} \slugcomment{To appear in the Journal of Irreproducible Results, February 30, 1999} \begin{document} \title{How the Western Frontiers were Won with the Help of Geophysics} % % TWO METHODS FOR GIVING THE AUTHORS' NAMES % \author{J. G. Smith} \affil{Institute for Historical Geophysics, Houston, Texas} \author{H. K. Weston\altaffilmark{1}} \affil{School for Military Advances, London, United Kingdom} \altaffiltext{1}{Present address Playa del Ingeles, Gran Canaria.} %\author{J. G. Weston\altaffilmark{1} and H. K. Smith\altaffilmark{2,3}} %\altaffiltext{1}{Institute for Historical Geophysics, Houston, Texas.} %\altaffiltext{2}{School for Military Advances, London, United Kingdom.} %\altaffiltext{3}{Present address Playa del Ingeles, Gran Canaria.} \begin{abstract} To date, very little has been written about the very important role played by the magnetosphere during the conquest of the Western Hemisphere. This paper tries to fill this gap by drawing on historical documents from the years 1492 to 1888, the most vital years for this development. Almost no conclusions are drawn as the influence appears to approach absolute zero. \end{abstract} \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} With the discovery of America \cite[]{colu92} a new continent was opened up. However its full exploitation by Europeans and their offspring was not fully complete until many centuries later, as reported by \cite{jame76}. During this interval, known as the Winning of the West \cite[]{smit54}, a major role in the development of the continent was played by the lowly revolver \cite[e.g.][]{gree00}. Recently, \cite{phil99} suggested that the magnetosphere could have played an even more significant role. In order to pursue this conjecture, the authors of this work have carried out a historical survey and have found start\-ling\-ly little evidence for such a claim. \section{The discovery}\label{sec:dis} America was discovered by \cite{colu92}, as illustrated in Figure~\ref{fig:dis}. Without the use of the compass, this would never have been possible. In fact, this could be considered the most important (and only) contribution of the geomagnetism to the development of the American continent. A portrait of Christopher Columbus is shown in Plate~\ref{pla:columbus}. \begin{figure} \figbox{8cm}{4cm}{Paste map here} \caption[]{\label{fig:dis} A map showing the route of Columbus from the Old to the New World. His real route is shown with a solid line, that that he might have taken without a compass is drawn as a dashed line.} \end{figure} \begin{plate*} \platewidth{35pc} \figbox{12cm}{6cm}{Paste portrait here} \caption{\label{pla:columbus} A portrait of Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of America.} \end{plate*} The subsequent taming of the West took place with considerable quantities of lead, but since this non-mag\-ne\-tic, there are no geomagnetic variances attributed to it. \section{The next five centuries}\label{sec:next5} In Section~\ref{sec:dis}, the discovery of America was described. Here we will outline the subsequent history until the present. This is best summarized in Table~\ref{tab:sum}. \begin{planotable}{cll} \tablewidth{20pc} \tablecaption {\label{tab:sum}The History of America from Discovery to Present} \tablehead{\colhead{Date} & \colhead{Event} & \colhead{Ref.}} \startdata 1492 & Discovery & \cite{colu92} \nl 1776 & Independence & \cite{jame76} \nl 1954 & Nothing much & \cite{smit54} \nl 1999 & Present & \cite{phil99} \end{planotable} As can be seen from Table~\ref{tab:sum}, there is almost no mention of geomagnetism or the magnetosphere at all. This sorry situation is discussed further and explained away in Section~\ref{sec:end}. \subsection{The Mathematics of Development} The complete mathematical description is beyond the scope of this report, but can be found in \cite{smit54}. The basic equation is \begin{equation} z = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2} \label{eq:z} . \end{equation} In addition to Eq.~\ref{eq:z}, we also have \begin{eqnarray} x & = & A \sin\theta \nonumber \\ y & = & A \cos\theta \nonumber \\ A & = & \int^\infty_0 dt\,f(t) \label{eq:int} .\end{eqnarray} Equations~\ref{eq:z} and \ref{eq:int} together describe the entire time development of the history of America. Again no geomagnetic term enters. \subsubsection{Pseudo-mathematics.} In addition to the true mathematics mentioned above, there are a number of pseudo-mathematical theories, but these cannot be seriously considered by reputable scientists. \section{Conclusions}\label{sec:end} Considering Figure~\ref{fig:dis} and Table~\ref{tab:sum} we see that the influence of the geomagnetic and magnetospheric terms is negligible. Furthermore, equations~\ref{eq:z} and \ref{eq:int} add no insight to the problem. We must therefore conclude that \cite{phil99} incorrectly supposed such a connection to exist. In spite of this negative result, research will continue on this highly interesting question. For if it were to prove correct, then the consequences would be enormous to say the least. \balance % USE THIS TO BALANCE THE LAST TWO COLUMNS IN TWOCOLUMN MODE \appendix %% %% IF THERE IS ONLY ONE APPENDIX, USE \section* %% FOR MORE THAN ONE, USE \section FOR EACH APPENDIX %% \section*{Mathematical Background} Apart from the following equation %% %% HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN EQUATION THAT IS TO BE BROKEN UP IN TWOCOLUMN %% MODE, BUT LEFT IN ONE LINE IN ONECOLUMN %% \iftwocol{% HERE FOLLOWS THE TWOCOLUMN VERSION \begin{eqnarray} (1-x)^n & = & 1 - n x + \frac{n(n-1)}{2}\,x^2 \nonumber\\ & & -{} \,\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3\cdot2}\,x^3 + \cdots \end{eqnarray} }{% NOW THE ONECOLUMN VERSION \begin{equation} (1-x)^n = 1 - n x + \frac{n(n-1)}{2!}\,x^2 - \frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3\cdot2}\,x^3 + \cdots \end{equation}} % END OF THE \iftwocol DEMONSTRATION there is not very much to say about mathematical background to this topic. \acknowledgments % OR ALTERNATIVELY \acknowledgements The authors thank their colleagues for continuing support and discussion around the coffee breaks. The editor thanks X. Y. Furore and another referee for assisting in evaluating this paper. %% TWO METHODS FOR INCLUDING THE BIBLIOGRAPHY (LIST OF REFERENCES) %% EITHER TYPE IN THE ENTRIES YOURSELF AS SHOWN HERE IN %% `thebibliography' ENVIRONMENT, %% OR %% USE THE FOLLOWING TWO COMMANDS SO THAT BIBTEX WILL GENERATE %% `thebibliography' TEXT FOR YOU AND READ IT IN. %% %\bibliographystyle{agu}%<-- LIST OF REFERENCES TO BE IN "AGU" STYLE %\bibliography{sample} %<-- REFERENCES ARE IN FILE "SAMPLE.BIB" %% %% IF THE ABOVE TWO COMMANDS ARE USED, THEN thebibliography ENVIRONMENT %% MUST BE REMOVED. \begin{thebibliography}{} % (THIS TEXT WAS GENERATED BY BIBTEX) \bibitem[{\it Columbus}(1492)]{colu92} Columbus, C., {\it How {I} Discovered {America}}. Hispanic Press, Barcelona, 1492. \bibitem[{\it Green et~al.}(1900)]{gree00} Green, R.~J., U.~P. Fred, and W.~P. Norbert, Things that go bump in the night, {\it Psych. Today}, {\it 46}, 345--678, 1900. \bibitem[{\it James et~al.}(1776)]{jame76} James, K., G.~Harris, Jr., and W.~Wollops, {American} independence and magnetism, {\it Revol. Tracts}, {\it 32}, 34--55, 1776. \bibitem[{\it Phillips}(1999)]{phil99} Phillips, T.~P., Possible influence of the magnetosphere on {American} history, {\it J. Oddball Res.}, {\it 98}, 1000--1003, 1999. \bibitem[{\it Smith and Weston}(1954)]{smit54} Smith, J.~G., and H.~K. Weston, Nothing particular in this year's history, {\it J. Geophys. Res.}, {\it 2}, 14--15, 1954. \end{thebibliography} \end{document}