% first draft of TeXpert desktop publishing glossary... % %double column macros from the TeXbook \def\makeheadline{\vbox to 0pt{\vskip-22.5pt \fullline{\vbox to 8.5pt{}\the\headline}\vss}\nointerlineskip} \def\makefootline{\baselineskip=24pt \fullline{\the\footline}} \newdimen\fullhsize \fullhsize=6.25truein \hsize=3.0truein \def\fullline{\hbox to\fullhsize} \let\lr=L \newbox\leftcolumn \output={\if L\lr \global\setbox\leftcolumn=\columnbox \global\let\lr=R \else \doubleformat \global\let\lr=L\fi \ifnum\outputpenalty>-20000 \else\dosupereject\fi} \def\doubleformat{\shipout\vbox{\makeheadline \fullline{\box\leftcolumn\hfil\columnbox} \makefootline} \advancepageno} \def\columnbox{\leftline{\pagebody}} \vsize9.3truein \nopagenumbers \parindent15pt % \def\g#1{\goodbreak\vskip0pt plus .5pt\par \hang\noindent{\bf #1: }\ignorespaces} % \def\s#1{{\sl #1\/}} % \font\sc=cmcsc10 \def\dtp{{\sc dtp}} % % \g{A4} The standard European size paper used in most \s{laser printers}. A few printers can handle A3 pages, but are considerably more expensive. \g{Accent} a punctuation mark that appears above a character in a line of text. See also \s{floating accents}. \g{Ad:Ed ratio} the proportion of advertising to editorial space. \g{Adobe systems} author of \s{PostScript}, a \s{page description language}. \g{Aldus} author of Pagemaker, the first \dtp\ program to be marketed (in 1985). \g{Alignment} lining up text and graphical material using a horizontal base, or vertical line as a reference point. \g{Alphabet (length or width)} the measurement of a complete set of \s{lower case} alphabet characters in a given \s{typesize}, expressed in \s{points} or \s{picas}. \g{Apex} the point of a character where two lines meet at the top, such as in the letters A or W. \g{Apple} an American company responsible for the Macintosh computer, the original `desktop publishing' machine. \g{Artwork (a/w)} an original copy of an image, such as a line drawing, to be photographed for inclusion in the final \s{plate}-making process, prior to traditional printing \g{Ascender} any part of a lower case letter which extends above the \s{x-height}. For example, the upper half of the vertical in the letters b, d, f, h, k, l and t. \g{Author's corrections} changes made to the \s{copy} by the author after \s{typesetting} but not including those made as a result of errors in \s{keying in} the text. \g{Backslant} letters that slant the opposite way from \s{italic} characters. \g{Banner} a heading or title extending the width of a page. \g{Baseline} the imaginary line on which the base of capital (\s{upper case}) letters sit. \s{Descenders} on \s{lower case} letters like the g or y will extend below the baseline. \g{Binding} to join together the pages of a publication, complete with covers. Some common methods include \s{saddle stitching} and \s{perfect binding}. \g{Bit map graphics} a common method of defining an image by breaking it down into dots. Each dot is represented by a bit (binary digit), either zero or one. Images that are \s{scanned} into a \dtp\ program, or output from \s{paint programs} tend to be bit mapped, and generally appear more ragged and at a lower \s{resolution} than \s{graphics} from other sources such as \s{draw programs}. An potential alternative to the bit mapped image may be to describe the image using vectors, which hold its resolution better. \g{Black letter} a term used to describe \s{typefaces} made up of both thick and thin lines, such as Old English. \g{Bleed} the area of the page between the outside edge of the margin and the edge of the page. In most cases this is not printed upon, but for magazine work bleed printing may be necessary. \g{Blow up} publishing terminology for enlarging a photograph. \g{Body} often called `body text', `body copy' or `body type'. The bulk of the text in a document, in a particular style and size of \s{type}, as opposed to headings, titles etc. \g{Body size} the height of the \s{type} measured from the top of the tallest \s{ascender} to the bottom of the lowest \s{descender}. Normally given in \s{points}, the standard unit of type size. \g{Bold type} \s{type} with a heavier darker appearance. Most \s{typefaces} include a boldface \s{font}. \g{Break} the end of a line, paragraph or page. \g{Bromide} a special sort of coated paper upon which \s{photo-typeset} material is printed. Output from \s{typesetters} is processed photographically to produce a bromide master, which can then be used for \s{page makeup} and \s{plate} making. Se also \s{galley proofs}. \g{Bullet} a large solid dot ($\bullet$) used to precede text for emphasis, as in an itemised list. \g{By-line} the name of the author of an article as printed on the page. \g{Camera-ready} in traditional typesetting, the finished page, including all text and illustrations, and any \s{artwork} or \s{pasted-up} material, ready for the printer to begin the \s{film} and \s{plate} making process for reproduction. This phrase is also used to refer to \dtp\ output onto a \s{laser printer}, although the \s{resolution} of laser printers cannot match that of \s{typesetters}, and some publishers may not regard laser printed pages as sufficiently high quality to use as camera-ready. \g{Canon} the company responsible for the low-cost \s{laser printer} --- the Canon \s{print engine} has been used as the basis for various makes of laser printer, including the \s{LaserWriter} and the \s{Laserjet}. \g{Cap line} an imaginary line across the top of capital (\s{upper case}) letters. The distance from the cap line to the \s{baseline} is the cap size. \g{Cap size} see \s{cap line}. \g{Caps} an abbreviation for capital, or \s{upper case} letters. \g{Caps and small caps} a style of \s{type} that shows capital letters used in the normal way, while the remaining letters are set in capital letters of a slightly smaller size, {sc Like This}. \g{Caption} the short piece of text which describes a photograph or graphic illustration on a page. \g{Caret} marks an indication to the printer of an omission in the \s{copy}. \g{Cartridge font} a physical medium for holding a selection of \s{typefaces}. It is inserted into a printer (notably \s{laser printers}) to provide some extra choice of \s{fonts}. Some \dtp\ packages restrict the fonts only to those contained in one cartridge, plus any \s{resident fonts}, whereas others permit \s{downloading} of additional typefaces. \g{Case binding} the hard back binding of books. \g{Casting-off} estimating the length of the \s{copy} when it has been typeset. %\g{Century Schoolbook} %a popular \s{serifed typeface} used in magazines and %books for text setting. It has a large \s{x-height} and %an open appearance. % \g{Character count} the number of characters, i.e.~letters, numbers, signs or spaces, in a line of text or piece of \s{copy}. \g{Close up} a \s{proof correction mark} to reduce the amount of space between characters or words. \g{Collating} the process of putting the pages of a publication together in the correct order. \g{Colour-separated artwork} in traditional printing, \s{artwork} for use in a multi-colour publication, where the different colours have been indicated by using separate \s{overlays} for each colour. The four basic printing colours are black, cyan, yellow and magenta. Colour separations are usually produced by a specialist firm rather than through software. As an alternative, a few \dtp\ programs can generate colour output directly, provided the printer is capable of reproducing the colours. \g{Column} a vertical area of running \s{text} on a page. Many \dtp\ packages use \s{frames} to define the positions of columns prior to filling with text. \g{Column rule} a light vertical rule sometimes used to separate columns of text. \g{Compose} in traditional hot metal \s{typesetting}, to set \s{copy} into \s{type}. \g{Compositor} in traditional printing, the skilled member of a \s{typesetting} team who actually lays out the \s{bromides} in the correct position on a page. \g{Condensed} a \s{font} or \s{typeface} style in which the characters have an elongated appearance, i.e.~very narrow for their height. \g{Continuous tones} a normal black and white photograph which has continuous shades of grey, also known as a contone. \g{Copy} printing trade jargon for \s{text}, the original written material which makes up the publication. \g{Copyright} the right of copyright gives protection to the originator of material to prevent use without express permission or acknowledgement of the originator. Often represented by the symbol \copyright. \g{CRC} camera ready copy. See \s{camera-ready}. \g{Cropping} cutting off unwanted areas of a photograph or illustration. The remanining part of the image can then be resized to fit the space. \g{Cross head} a heading set into the \s{body text}, used to break it up into easily readable sections or sub-sections. \g{Cursive} used to describe \s{typefaces} that resemble handwritten script. \g{Cut-out} a \s{tone} that is cut to a specific outline shape, rather than a rectangle. \g{Dagger and double dagger} symbols (\dag\ \ddag) used mainly as reference marks for footnotes. \g{Dash} a short horizontal rule used for punctuation. See \s{em-dash} and \s{en-dash}. \g{DDL} Document Description Language. A \s{page description language} developed by Imagen and popularised by Hewlett Packard. Designed for documents rather than pages, and a rival to \s{PostScript}, although relatively few \dtp\ packages support DDL as yet, preferring to access Hewlett Packard's popular \s{Laserjet} printers using the Laserjet's older printer command language PCL. \g{Descender} any part of a \s{lower case} letter that extends below the \s{x-height}, or below the \s{baseline} of the line of text, as in the g, j, p, q and y. \g{Desktop Publishing (DTP)} producing good quality publications in-house using a system based around a general-purpose personal computer and a cheap \s{laser printer}. The total cost for the whole system might typically be around {\it\$10,000}. Most \dtp\ software aims to emulate \s{typesetting}, and has borrowed much typsetting terminology and jargon. The range and detail of features is far greater in true typesetting, resulting in published documents of far higher quality. Not all levels of document require the use of an expensive \s{typesetter} however, and it is here that \dtp\ comes into its own. \s{Laser printed} output can be sufficient in its own right for documents such as newsletters, brochures, price lists, reports, manuals, theses and papers, as well as some books, where the laser printed pages may be suitable as \s{camera-ready} masters. When a higher quality is required, many \dtp\ programs will optionally convert the files for printing on a typesetter, through a bureau service, or similar. \g{Design size} the default size for a particular \s{font} or \s{typeface} --- the size at which the characters will produce maximum readability. Some \s{typesetting} and \dtp\ systems then \s{scale} the fonts to produce other sizes, whereas others provide a discrete font definition for each size required. \g{Digitiser} a device which converts images such as graphics and photographs into electronic information which can be manipulated by a computer. See also \s{scanner}. \g{Discretionary hyphen} see \s{soft hyphen}. \g{Display type} larger \s{type} used for headings etc. Normally about 18 \s{points} or larger. \g{Dot for dot} in printing terminology, a special technique for the reproduction of photographic material which has already been \s{screened}. \g{Dot matrix} a regular pattern of dots. This term is often used to refer to \s{impact printers} that, instead of printing formed characters, print an array of dots. It is conventionally used to refer to `dot matrix printers'. \s{Laser printers} and \s{photo-typesetters} also produce characters by means of dots, but by a different process that is not impact printing. \g{Downloadable fonts} \s{laser printer fonts} stored on disc (usually the \s{hard disc}, which can be sent to the printer and stored in the printer's temporary \s{memory} (RAM). \s{Font} definitions for use with a \dtp\ program are either stored permanently in the printer as \s{resident} or \s{ROM} fonts, or else they must be downloaded to the printer at the beginning of the print \s{job}. This downloading may be handled automatically by the \dtp\ software. Most \dtp\ software will download just those fonts needed by a particular document, and then delete them from memory when the print job is complete. Others will cache the fonts to minimise font downloading for subsequent print \s{runs}. \g{Dots per inch (dpi)} see \s{resolution}. \g{DPI} dots per inch. See \s{resolution}. \g{Dropped cap (drop cap)} a large initial letter at the beginning of a paragraph of text, which extends below that line, overlapping one or more lines below. \g{DTP} see \s{Desktop Publishing}. \g{Edition} all of the copies of an issue. \g{Electronic publishing (EP)} the usual term for more up-market publishing systems, with prices starting around {\it\$}25,000. \g{Embedded codes} characters placed in the \s{body} of the \s{text} for controlling the format of the printed output, as used by \dtp\ software using the \s{markup} approach. An embedded code can be used to force a change of \s{font} into \s{italic}, for example, or to indicate the title of a section. \g{Em} a measure of \s{typeface} width. 1~em is usually equivalent to the chosen \s{point} size, such that 1~em equals 10 points if using a 10 point font, but alters to 12 points wide if a 12 point \s{font} is selected. The name originates from the upper case M, which was originally (and frequently still is) as wide as the point size. Sometimes called a \s{mutton}. \g{Em-dash} a dash used in punctuation within a sentence --- 1~em wide. \g{En} half an \s{em}. Sometimes called a \s{nut}. \g{En-dash} a dash used to indicate a range of numbers, as in Pages 3--7, and half the width of an \s{em-dash}. \g{End papers} the page leaves at the front and end of a book, which are pasted to the insides of the front and back covers (boards). \g{Ex-height} another spelling for \s{x-height}. \g{Expanded type} a \s{typeface} where the characters are slightly wider than usual in relation to their height, giving a flatter, squat appearance. \g{Face} an abbreviation for \s{typeface}, referring to a \s{font family} in a given style, as in Helvetica or Times Roman. \g{Family} a \s{font} family is another term for a \s{typeface}. \g{Film} in \s{typesetting} terminology, a large photographic record of the \s{camera-ready copy}, used to made a \s{plate} for printing. \g{Finishing} in traditional printing, the various processes which turn the output of the printing \s{press} into acceptable publications --- this includes trimming the paper to the correct size. \g{Flatpan} a single sheet of paper with miniature representations of each page of a publication, including details of the contents of each page. Especially used to define the position of advertisements in commercial publications. \g{Floating accent} a diacritical mark which is set separately from the main character, and is then placed either under or over it, as in \=m or \d x. Most \dtp\ packages only provide complete accented characters, such as the more usual \'e or \`a, such that the accent cannot be divorced from the character being accented. \g{Flush left} \s{copy} aligned along the left margin. \g{Flush right} text or \s{copy} aligned along the right margin, giving right \s{justified} text, which may or may not also be \s{flush left}. \g{Folio} most commonly used to refer to the page number. May also include other basic information like the title and date of the publication etc. In book publishing, a folio is a page of typescript as sent to a \s{typesetter}. \g{Font (fount)} a complete set of characters in a \s{typeface}, in a particular variant, style and size, such as an italic or boldface style at 12 \s{point} size. Thus we get the fonts 12 point Helvetica Bold, or 10 point Helvetica Italic, both having `Helvetica-like' similarities. Helvetica is the \s{typeface}, 12 point Helvetica is a \s{type size}, whilst Helvetica Bold is a \s{type style}. \g{Footer line} a line of text which is repeated at the bottom of every page. Also called a \s{running foot}. See also \s{header line}. \g{Formatting} a general term for processing \s{text} to produce page \s{layouts}, whether in a \s{word processor}, a \dtp\ program, or for \s{typesetting}. \g{Full measure} a line of text occupying the complete line length across a page. \g{Full point} a full stop, or period. \g{Galley (galley proof)} in traditional typesetting, a column of \s{typeset} material or \s{bromide}, not cut or positioned on a page. %the %printing term for long metal trays used to hold \s{type} %after \s{setting} and before printing. Now also used to %refer to the \s{bromide} output from %\s{photo-typesetters} --- To be proofread and checked before being \s{pasted-up} into pages. \g{Gothic} a typeface with no \s{serifs} and broad even strokes. \g{Greeking} the process of representing the smaller \s{screen fonts} merely by black shapes, whilst still retaining an overall view of the page \s{layout}. Often used within \dtp\ systems when pages are being displayed at a reduced size, such as in a two page \s{spread}. \g{Grid} a systematic division of a page into areas to enable designers to \s{layout} pages into columns etc, showing the position of text and illustrations. The \s{frames} used by many \dtp\ packages follows this principle. \g{GSM} grammes per square metre, used to express paper weight. \g{Gutters} the width of the space between columns, or alternatively, the central blank area between facing pages. \g{Hard disc} almost essential for any serious \dtp\ work, particularly if \s{memory}-hungry garphics or scanned images are being included. \g{Hairline} the thinnest rule that can be printed. \g{Hairlines} the thinnest of the strokes in the characters of a \s{typeface}. \g{Half-tone} an illustration, such as from a photograph, reproduced by breaking down the original continuous tone into a pattern of dots of varying sizes. Light areas have small dots, and darker areas or shadows have larger dots, or denser agglomerations of small dots. This can be done through use of a \s{scanner}, which creates a dot structure, giving different shades of grey, or \s{grey scales}. \g{Hanging indent} \s{text} where the left edge of each line starts further to the right, or indented from the left margin. \g{Hanging punctuation} punctuation that is allowed to fall outside the margins instead of staying within the \s{measure} of the text. \g{Head} the margin at the top of a page, within which the \s{header line} is positioned. \g{Header line} a line of text which is repeated at the top of every page, containing information such as the document title. Also called a \s{running head}. The headline could include the page number (\s{folio}), and some \dtp\ packages will allow alternate header lines to automatically be printed on odd and even page numbers (see \s{recto} and \s{verso}). \g{Headline} lines of large or \s{displayed type}, such as to draw attention to the title of an article. \g{Helvetica} a \s{sans serif typeface}. A variant of this is frequently provided within \dtp\ packages under the name `Swiss'. \g{House style} the basic rules covering the \s{layout} and style of documents within an organisation, providing a consistent image, or corporate style. Many \dtp\ packages provide `style sheets' which may be applied to a series of documents, such that the contents are always formatted in a consistent way. The content of the documents (as provided by the author) can be separated from their appearance (as designed in the document style). \g{Hyphenation} the splitting of a word into two parts, on two consecutive lines of text, and the insertion of a short dash or hyphen. This helps produce \s{justified} lines of equal length, without stretching or squeezing the inter-word (or inter-character) spacing too much. Some \dtp\ packages will hyphenate automatically, using either an inbuilt dictionary of acceptable hyphenation points, or alternatively, a hyphenation algorithm. \g{IBM} a latecomer to the \dtp\ market, but there are now a multitude of packages supplied by third-party vendors, running on the AT, XT and PC. \g{Icons} Images used on \s{screen} to represent many of the commands and functions available within a \dtp\ packages. A particular icon is selected using a \s{mouse}, within a \s{wimp} environment. \g{Impact printer} a printer in which the printing head hits against the paper to create the printed text, such as a dot matrix or daisy wheel printer. \g{Imposition} the arrangement of the pages on a printing machine. \g{Imprint} the name and place of the publisher and printer required by law if a publication is to be published. Sometimes accompanied by codes indicating the quantity printed, month\slash year of printing, and an international control number (see \s{ISBN}). \g{Ink jet printer} a printer which breaks up a stream of ink into electrostatically charged droplets which can be deflected either to print or not, in order to create an image on the printing surface. Images are built up as a series of dots. \g{Interface} a link or boundary between two different types of equipment or systems or channels of communication, such as between a computer and a printer. \g{Interpress} a \s{page description language} developed by Xerox. \g{ISBN} International Standard Book Number. A reference number given to every published work. Usually found on the back of the title page. \g{Issue} a single copy of a publication produced on a particular date. \g{Italic} a \s{type} or \s{font} with sloping, maybe cursive, letters. \g{Job} the printing of an \s{edition}. \g{Justification} the alignment of lines of text along a margin or both margins. Frequently applied to text where both margins are straight. It is achieved by adjusting the spacing between the words and characters as necessary so that each line of text finishes at the same point (except where a paragraph ends). Words may also be \s{hyphenated} as necessary. \g{Kerning} the adjustment of spacing between certain character pairs, as between A and V to produce AV, rather than A{}V. This produces a more even text spacing, making it more pleasing and easier to read. Not all \dtp\ packages can achieve this, and some only allow {\it manual} kerning, rather than the character pairs having been already set up to kern automatically. \g{Keyline} a narrow line drawn on a \s{camera-ready} copy to show the position of a photograph which needs adding. \g{Landscape} work in which the width of the page is greater than its height, as in tables which may need to be printed `sideways on' to fit on the page. The opposite of \s{portrait}. \g{Laserjet} the model name for Hewlett Packard's strong selling \s{laser printer}. The most commonly supported laser printer within \dtp\ packages, along with \s{PostScript} devices. \g{Laser printer} a key component of a good \dtp\ system --- it uses laser technology to give sophisticated output in a variety of \s{font} sizes and styles along with \g{graphic} elements and rules. They provide a cheap alternative to \s{typesetters}, printing at a lower \s{resolution} --- usually at 300 dpi, although newer models can manage 400 or 600 dpi. The \dtp\ software will convert a file for printing on a particular make of laser printer through use of some conversion software known as a \s{printer driver}. \g{LaserWriter} Apple's \s{laser printer}, using the \s{PostScript page description language}. \g{Layout} the design of a page, including the positioning of all \s{text}, \s{columns}, \s{graphics}, \s{artwork}, \s{headlines}, \s{rules} etc. \g{Leading (lead)} the vertical space between the \s{baselines} of consecutive lines of text, usually larger than the \s{point} size of the \s{typeface}, so that the \s{descenders} of letters on one line do not touch the \s{ascenders} of the next. Such as a 10~point \s{font}, using 12~points of leading, referred to as 10 on 12, or 10/12, giving 2 extra points of space between consecutive lines. Named after the strips of lead which used to be inserted between lines of metal type to increase legibility. \g{Leader} a line\hbox to 1truein{\dotfill}made up of dots to join up separated text. \g{Letterspacing} the addition of space between the letters of words to help increase the line length to a required width, or to improve the appearance of a line. Not all \dtp\ packages support this feature. See also \s{tracking}. \g{Ligatures} letters which are joined together as a single unit of type, such as \oe\ or fi or ffl. \g{Lightface} \s{type} having finer strokes than the medium \s{font} in a \s{typeface}. \g{Literal} a spelling mistake in \s{typeset copy}, often used to refer to occasions when two characters in a word are transposed. See \s{typo}. \g{Litho} see \s{offset litho}. \g{Logo} short for logotype. A word or combination of letters set as a single unit. Also used to denote a specially styled company name designed as part of a corporate image. \g{Lower case} the small letters of the alphabet, like a, b, c etc. \g{Macro} a stored set of commands, control sequences or definitions that may be substituted for a shorter macro name when the name is inserted into the \dtp\ program. Frequently occurring series of commands can therefore be abbreviated to a single name, and the expansion handled automatically when the text is formatted. This useful feature is more common in the \dtp\ systems that have adopted the \s{markup} approach, rather than \s{wysiwyg}. \g{Make-up} in traditional printing, the act of manually composing a page by a \s{compositor}. In \dtp, the act of using a program to design pages, plus the assembly of blocks of text, headings and illustrative material into pages with headlines, folios, columns etc. \g{Margins} the non-printing areas around the edges of the page. The top and bottom margins may however contain a \s{headline} or \s{footline}. \g{Markup} in traditional \s{typesetting}, the bare \s{manuscript} or printed text annotated with handwritten instructions setting out in detail all the typesetting instructions. Markup also refers to the approach adopted by some \dtp\ or typesetting systems, where \s{typographical} commands are \s{embedded} within the text to control the \s{formatting}. These instructions would be carried out at a later stage, when the marked up text is processed through the relevant text formatting software. Generally this approach offers greater control over document structuring, page \s{layouts} and typographical details than is possible with \s{wysiwyg} style \dtp\ software. \dtp\ packages that have adopted the mark up route include PC$\,$\TeX, \TeX tures and Just Text. \g{Masking} indicating unwanted areas of photographs, which will be cut or \s{cropped}. \g{Master} the original of a page, which will be used to generate multiple copies, as in \s{camera-ready} master. \g{Masthead} the main title of a publication set on the front. \g{Measure} denotes the line width to be used when \s{setting} text, often expressed in \s{picas}. \g{Memory} the part of a computer's memory (\s{RAM}) that stores information temporarily while you are working on it from within the \dtp\ program. The number of text pages that can be produced by a \dtp\ program may depend on the available memory. Others are only limited by available \s{disc} space. \s{Graphics} and \s{scanned} images in particular require large amounts of memory, both within the computer and in the printer, as well as large amounts of disc space. \g{Menu} a list of options displayed on \s{screen}, frequently accessed via a \s{mouse}, as in the \s{wimp} environment, with \s{pull-down menus}. The user selects an action to be performed either by typing a letter or positioning the cursor, or highlighting the option with the \s{mouse}. \g{Metrics} the dimensions of \s{fonts}, such as the height and depth of characters, and possibly other numerical information about the font, such as \s{kerning} and \s{ligatures}. \g{Microns} an expression of the thickness of board. \g{Modern} refers to \s{typestyles} introduced towards the end of the 19th century. Times Roman is a good example. \g{Monitor} a computer \s{screen} or visual display unit (VDU). \g{Monospaced} a \s{font} in which all characters occupy the same amount of horizontal width, {\tt such as this type here}. Such fonts are often referrred to by their \s{pitch}, as in 10~pitch, meaning 10 characters to the inch horizontally. An example is Courier, which is a 10 pitch font. See also \s{proportional}. \g{Mouse} a moveable device used to control the positioning of a cursor on a computer \s{monitor} or \s{screen}, such as to access \s{pull-down menus}, or to highlight chunks of \s{text} for manipulation. Part of the \s{wimp} environment used by many \dtp\ packages and essential for most \dtp\ work. \s{Mutton} another name for an \s{em}. \g{Negative} a term borrowed straight from photography.The film used to photograph \s{artwork} or \s{camera-ready copy} before making a printing \s{plate}. \g{Nut} another name for an \s{en}. \g{Octavo} one of the standard sizes of books. \g{Offset litho} the most popular print process. A litho plate is produced by making a negative \s{film} image of the page of \s{artwork}. The image is then etched into the \s{plate} and ink applied. The paper is then inked by a second, offset, roller. \g{Orphan} a line of type at the end of a paragraph, left stranded on a line of its own at the top of a column or page. Some \dtp\ programs will avoid these automatically. \g{Outline} a \s{typeface} in which the characters are formed with only the outline defined, rather than from solid strokes. \g{Overlay} the piece of tracing paper placed over photographs for cropping and sizing. \g{Overmatter} the material left over after a page or publication is filled. Some \dtp\ programs can avoid overmatter, either by adjusting the existing page \s{layouts}, or by automatically creating additional pages. \g{Page description language (pdl)} a sophisticated form of \s{printer driver}. Essentially, a software program to convert files for printing on a particular type of \s{laser printer} or \s{typesetter}. The most well known pdl is \s{PostScript} which is understood by a range of laser printers as well as some typesetters. Others are \s{DDL} and \s{Interpress}. \g{Page printer} a kind of printer similar to a photocopier where entire pages are printed at once, not line by line. The most common are \s{laser printers}, although LED and ion deposition techniques are also used. The opposite to an \s{impact printer} such as a \s{dot matrix} or daisywheel. \g{Page proofs} the stage following galley proofs in the typesetting process, in which pages are made up (see \s{make up}), and \s{paginated}. \g{Pagination} the numbering of pages in a book, frequently done as a separate later stage in more traditional typesetting. \dtp\ systems tend to incorporate pagination in with the page \s{make up}. \g{Paste up} in traditional publishing, the various elements of a \s{layout} mounted in position to form \s{camera-ready artwork}. The \s{wysiwyg} \dtp\ systems have incorporated this stage as the on-\s{screen} page \s{make up}, prior to printing out onto a \s{laser printer}. \g{PDL} see \s{page description language}. \g{Perfect binding} a common method of binding paperback books and some large magazines. After the printed sections have been \s{collated}, the spines will be ground off and the cover glued on. \g{Period} see \s{full point}. \g{Photo-digitiser} see \s{digitiser}. \g{Photo-typesetter (photo-setter)} see \s{typesetter}. \g{Pic} a photograph. \g{Pica} a printing industry unit of measurement. There are 12 \s{points} to a pica, and 6 picas to an inch. \g{Pi fonts} characters not usually included in a \s{font}, but which are added specially, such as mathematical symbols. \g{Plate} a perfect impression of \s{camera-ready copy} from which actual copies of a publication are printed on a printing \s{press}. \g{Point} the standard unit of \s{typesize}.There are exactly 72.27~points to an inch, although many systems assume 72~points to the inch. A \s{typeface} is typically defined by its pointsize, such as 10 point Times Roman, or 12 point Helvetica. A \s{typeface} or \s{font} is measured from the top of the highest \s{ascender} to the bottom of the lowest \s{descender}. \g{Portrait} an upright image or page, where the height is greater than the width. The opposite of \s{landscape}. \g{Positive} an alternative method to \s{negative} film. \g{PostScript} a \s{page description language} developed by Adobe Systems, Inc. for describing graphics output. The PostScript language is independent of the \s{resolution} of the output deviceand is understood by a range of PostScript compatible \s{laser printers} as well as some \s{typesetters} like the Linotron 300. Most \dtp\ software includes a \s{driver program} to convert the on-\s{screen} page \s{layout} for printing on any PostScript device. Many \s{fonts} are available in PostScript format, and PostScript permits clever effects, such as rotating and skewing of graphic images. \g{Print engine} the essential part of a \s{page printer} which performs the physical task of printing a page. The number of different print engines is very much lower than the number of brand names of printers. It is distinct from a \s{raster} image processor (\s{RIP}), which creates an image then controls the printing process. \g{Printer driver} software within the \dtp\ program that converts the page \s{layout} codes into those understood by a particular type of \s{laser printer} or \s{typesetter}. It is important to ensure that the \dtp\ software includes a driver program to work with your chosen printer. The most commonly supported \s{printers} include Hewlett Packard's Laserjet series of printers, and all \s{PostScript} devices. \g{Proof} a photocopy of a \s{typeset} page \s{layout} for correction and approval. In \dtp, a publication could be draft proofed onto a \s{laser printer} prior to being sent to a \s{typesetter}. Laser printer output could instead be used directly as \s{camera-ready copy}, provided the \s{resolution} meets printing requirements. \g{Proof correction marks} a standard set of signs and symbols manually inserted in the preparation of text for typesetting, and to indicate corrections on \s{proofs}. Marks are placed both in the text and in the margin. \g{Proportional spacing} a method of spacing whereby each character is spaced to accommodate the varying widths of letters or figures, so increasing readability. A letter m for example, would occupy more space than a narrower i or j. Most \dtp\ packages assume the use of proportionally spaced \s{fonts}, although a \s{monospaced} {\tt typewriter style} font is usually also available. \g{Pull-down menus} see \s{menus}. \g{Quadding (quads)} the addition of space to fill out a line of text, using \s{em} or \s{en} sized blocks. \g{Quarto} a standard book size. \g{Quotes} ``quotation marks'', or a small piece of \s{text} taken out of the \s{body copy} and set in \s{display type} to add emphasis or break up a page. \g{Ragged (ragged edge)} non-\s{aligned} text where lines end at different places in the right-hand margin (ragged right), or left-hand margin (ragged left). See also \s{ranged left/right}. \g{RAM} Random Access Memory. See \s{memory}. \g{RAM cache} some \dtp\ programs permit you to use part of the computer's \s{RAM} as if it were a temporary disc --- it can be used to store documents, but its contents will be lost when the computer is powered off. \g{Ranged left/right} Another term for \s{ragged}, or non-\s{justified} text, where successive lines of type are aligned at either the right or left hand side of the page. \g{Raster} a regular array of dots or lines. Raster image \s{fonts}, for example, are not formed characters, but are drawn as a pattern of dots, as in most \s{laser printers} and \s{typesetters}. Most have a raster image processor (RIP), which interprets software instructions in order to construct an image for printing. \g{Recto} the right hand page of a two page \s{spread}. See also \s{verso}. \g{Reference marks} symbols used in text to direct the reader to a footnote, or similar reference. Examples include the asterisk (*), dagger (\dag), double dagger (\ddag), section mark (\S) and paragraph mark (\P). \g{Register} the correct positioning of an image especially when printing one colour on another, using illustrations generated from \s{colour separated artwork}. `Out of register' printing has multi-colour shadows around the edges, and no true colour in the middle of the picture. \g{Resolution} the definition of display capability often described in terms of pixels on the \s{screen} or \s{dots per inch} (dpi) on the printed page. \s{Laser printers} generally have a resolution of 300 dpi, whereas \s{typesetters} have a minimum of 1000 dpi, resulting in higher quality output. See also \s{screen fonts} and \s{camera-ready}. \g{Reversal (reverse out)} an image with white lettering or illustrations on a black background. Sometimes known as a `WOB' (white on black). \g{RIP} see \s{raster}. \g{River} a line of white space running downwards within a \s{column} or page of \s{text}. Caused by poor \s{justification}, a lack of \s{hyphenation}, or the use of too large a \s{type size} for the column width. \g{Roman} the basic style of \s{type} --- a \s{font} which has vertical stems as distinct from \s{italics} or oblique which are set at angles. \g{Run} the number of copies a printer is required to produce. \g{Run around} \s{text} which flows around the shape of a \s{graphic} or picture. Most \s{wysiwyg} \dtp\ packages include this feature. \g{Run on} extra copies required from a printer after the \s{run} is complete. \g{Running foot} another name for a \s{footer line}. \g{Running on} starting a paragraph immediately after the previous one with no break. \g{Running head} another term for a \s{header line}. \g{Saddle stitching} a method of binding where the folded pages are stitched through the spine from the outside, using wire staples. Usually limited to 64 pages size. \g{Same size (s/s)} where \s{graphics} do not require \s{scaling}. \g{Sans serif} a \s{typeface} that has only straight edges, with no \s{serifs}, such as Helvetica. \g{Scaling} resizing a \s{graphic} image --- reducing or enlarging it to fit a space in the page layout without losing any of the image, i.e.~ no \s{cropping}. Also refers to the process of obtaining additional \s{font} sizes, based on an original \s{design size} for the font. \g{Scanner} a machine similar to a \s{digitiser} which can turn images on paper into electronic information for use in \dtp\ programs. It is the normal means of introducing \s{artwork}, photos or \s{logos} into a document. The main varieties are flatbed or roller fed scanners, and quality depends on the number of grey scales they can use. Scanners require a lot of \s{memory} in the computer and printer, as well as \s{hard disc} space --- an \s{A4} size image at 300 dpi \s{resolution} can take 1MB. %\g{Schoolbook} %see \s{Century Schoolbook}. % \g{Screen} in traditional printing, a device which breaks up \s{continuous tones} into a series of black and white dots (see \s{screening}). In \dtp, the monitor or VDU used for the input and design of page \s{layouts}, and page \s{make up}, and display of a representation of the finished pages using \s{screen fonts}. The \s{wysiwyg} \dtp\ systems tend to use a \s{wimp} environment, whereas \s{markup} systems usually include a screen \s{preview} of the layouts. \g{Screen font} a \s{font} intended for display on a computer \s{screen}. These fonts tend to be at a lower \s{resolution} than the printed version, due to limitations in the display hardware. \g{Screening} a process of turning \s{continuous tones} in an image such as a photograph, into \s{half-tones}. A \s{scanner} provides one means of screening photographs and line art for inclusion in the page \s{layout}. \g{Serif} a small curved cross stroke at the end of the main stroke of the letter. \s{Typefaces} which are serifed include Times Roman and Garamond. \g{Set} to \s{typeset} a document. Also used within \dtp\ to refer to the formatting of pages, irrespective of whether they are to be typeset on a \s{typesetter}, or just \s{laser printed}. \g{Set solid} text set without \s{leading} (line spacing) between the lines, such as a 10 point \s{font} on 10 point leading (10 on 10). \g{Sheet fed} a type of printer used for small print \s{runs} where single sheets of paper are fed through one at a time. \g{Side heading} a subheading set flush into the text at the left edge. \g{Signature} groups of pages which are then joined together in \s{binding}. \g{Size up} to increase text by an increment of 1~point. \g{Sizing} working out the reduction or enlargement of a graphic or photograph for inclusion on a page. See also \s{scaling}. \g{Small Caps} see \s{Caps and small caps}. \g{Soft hyphen} also called a discretionary hyphen. A specially coded hyphen which is only displayed when formatting requires the word to be split at the end of a line. \g{Solid} rules, lines or bars. Also used to describe text which has no \s{leading} (see \s{set solid}). \g{Solid setting} see \s{Set solid}. \g{Spread} two facing pages (\s{recto} and \s{verso}) which can be viewed together on \s{screen} in a \dtp\ system. To acieve this on a normal size screen, the smaller sizes of \s{fonts} may be \s{greeked}. It is important to get the design of spreads correct since they will be viewed simultaneously by readers. \g{Spot colour} the ability to place a tint or colour on a page, such as for a box or a heading. Much cheaper than using full colour. \g{Squared up} tones which are to be reproduced in square or rectangular shapes. \g{Stem} the main vertical stroke making up a \s{type} character. \g{Stories} individual articles for inclusion in a publication. \g{Strap} a sub-heading used above the main headline in a newspaper article. \g{Sub-editing} checking \s{copy} for \s{house style}, grammar, spelling, accuracy and so on. \g{Subscript (or inferior)} the small characters set below the normal letters or numbers, as in H$_2$0. \g{Superscript (also superior)} the small characters set above the normal letters or numbers, such as $E=mc^2$. \g{Tabloid} a standard newspaper size. In \dtp\ terminology this is taken to be A3 size, although most \s{laser printers} can only print onto \s{A4} paper. \g{\TeX} a document formatting system adopting the \s{markup} approach, which runs on a wide variety of computer systems. Many versions also support \s{screen preview}. It is a \s{typesetting} system, printing out onto a range of \s{laser printers} and \s{typesetters}, as is especially suited to the production of high quality mathematical, scientific and technical texts. \g{Text} also called \s{copy}. Words or characters without reference to the \s{font} and \s{typeface} in which they will eventually appear when \s{typeset}, or \s{laser printed}. The \dtp\ software will determine the font and typeface to use. Also used to refer to the written or printed material which forms the main \s{body} of a publication. \g{Text type} \s{typefaces} used for the main text of written material. Generally no larger than 14 \s{point} in size. \g{Thin space} the thinnest space normally used to separate words. \g{Thumbnails} like a \s{flatpan} but can include a basic design for each page. \g{Times Roman} a \s{serifed typeface}, very widely used in \s{typesetting} and \dtp\ work. Variants of this typeface may be referred to as `Dutch'. \g{Tints} creating various degrees of shading from one colour by altering the size or density of dots in the background. \g{Type} printed or \s{typeset} characters. \g{Typeface} in traditional hot metal \s{typesetting}, the raised surface carrying the image of a \s{type} character cast in metal. Also used to refer to a complete set of \s{font} styles. Examples of typefaces include Helvetica, Garamond, or Times Roman. Within each typeface are a range of font styles, such as Helvetica Bold, Helvetica Italic etc. A set of visually related typefaces with differing styles is also called a family of typefaces, or \s{font family}. Some \dtp\ packages confuse typefaces with fonts. \g{Typesetting} the process whereby \s{text} or \s{copy} is turned into high quality output comprised of one or more \s{typefaces} using a \s{typesetter} machine which photographs onto \s{bromide}. \s{Graphics} may be included at this stage, or alternately the \s{artwork pasted in} afterwards. Some \dtp\ packages will allow you to convert files for printing on a typesetter as opposed to a \s{laser printer}, particularly those using the \s{postScript} language. \g{Typesetter} a printing machine that \s{sets type} by a photographic process, or on to photographic film (\s{bromide}). It allows for a high \s{resolution} of at least 1000 dots per inch, producing very high quality \s{typeset} output. \g{Typo} an abbreviation for a typographical error --- an error in the \s{typeset copy}. Sometimes also called a \s{literal}. \g{Upper case} the capital letters in the alphabet, like A, B, C etc. \g{Verso} the left hand page of a two page \s{spread}. The opposit page is \s{recto}. \g{Visual} a rough idea, or sketch of what the finished work will look like. \g{Web fed} a type of printing \s{press} which accepts paper from a large roll. \g{Weight} the degree of boldness or thickness of a letter or \s{font}. \g{Widow} the first line of a new paragraph, left stranded at the bottom of a page. \g{WIMP} \s{windows}, \s{icons}, \s{mouse} and \s{pull-down menus}. An `easy to use' working environment incorporated into most \dtp\ systems, particularly the \s{wysiwyg} variety. Text and graphics are highlighted and manipulated on \s{screen} by using the mouse pointer, and commands to control \s{formatting} are chosen from selected iconographic images and/or pull-down menus. Separate displays may be overlaid on the same screen by use of windowing. \g{Windowing} the facility to have more than one progarm or display visible on \s{screen} at the same time. Many \dtp\ packages incorporate some form of windowing, such as Digital Research's GEM or Microsoft Windows on the IBM-PC. The Macintosh incorporates windowing as standard. \g{WOB} see \s{reversal}. \g{Word processor} software used to generate \s{text} prior to reading the word processor file into the \dtp\ package. Most \dtp\ software only has very limited text \s{editing} facilities, so that the bulk of text creation should first be done in a word processor or editor program. Many \dtp\ packages will accept files in a variety of word processor formats, although generally only the word processor's \s{font} change commands will be retained. Any page \s{layouts} must then be reinstated using commands from within the \dtp\ software. Some \dtp\ packages will however allow \dtp\ commands to be embedded within the text in the word processor, to be automatically converted when the file is read into the \dtp\ program. \g{WYSIWYG} What You See (on the \s{screen}) Is (more or less) What You Get (on the paper). \g{X-height} the height of a letter excluding the \s{ascenders} and \s{descenders}, such as the height of an x. \bye