NAME Validation::Class - Self-Validating Object System and Data Validation Framework VERSION version 7.78 SYNOPSIS package MyApp::User; use Validation::Class; mixin basic => { required => 1, max_length => 255, filters => [qw/trim strip/] }; field login => { mixin => 'basic', min_length => 5 }; field password => { mixin => 'basic', min_length => 5, min_symbols => 1 }; package main; my $user = MyApp::User->new(login => 'admin', password => 'secr3t'); unless ($user->validate('login', 'password')) { # do something with the errors, # e.g. print $user->errors_to_string } 1; Validation::Class is a data validation framework and simple object system. It allows you to model data and construct objects with focus on structure, reusability and data validation. It expects user input errors (without dying), validation only occurs when you ask it to. Validation::Class classes are designed to ensure consistency and promote reuse of data validation rules. Validation::Class::Intro will help you better understand the framework's rationale and typical use-cases while Validation::Class::Prototype will help you discover all the bells-and-whistles included in the framework. DESCRIPTION Validation::Class is much more than a robust data validation framework, in-fact it is more of a data modeling framework and can be used as an alternative to minimalistic object systems such as Moo, Mo, etc. Validation::Class aims to provide the building blocks for easily definable self-validating data models. For more information on the validation class object system, review "the object system" section. Validation classes are typically defined using the following keywords: * field - a field is a data validation rule * mixin - a field template * directive - a field/mixin rule attribute * filter - a directive which transforms the field parameter value * method - a self-validating sub-routine * object - a simple object builder To keep your class namespace clean and free from pollution, all inherited functionality is configured on your class' prototype (a cached class configuration object) which leaves you free to create and overwrite method names in your class without breaking the Validation::Class framework, this all happens much in the same way Moose uses it's MOP (meta-object-protocol) having most of the framework functionality residing in the Moose::Meta namespace. For more information on the validation class prototype, review "the prototype class" section. One very important (and intentional) difference between Moose/Moose-like systems and Validation::Class classes is in the handling of errors. There are generally two types of errors that occur in an application, user-errors which are expected and should be handled and reported, and system-errors which are unexpected and should cause the application to terminate or otherwise handle the exception. It is not always desired and/or appropriate to crash from a failure to validate a particular parameter. In Validation::Class, the application is not terminated or validate automatically unless you configure it to. Additionally, please review the Validation::Class::Intro for a more in-depth understanding of how to leverage Validation::Class. KEYWORDS attribute The attribute keyword (or has) creates a class attribute. This is only a minimalistic variant of what you may have encountered in other object systems such as Moose, Mouse, Moo, Mo, etc. package MyApp::User; use Validate::Class; attribute 'bothered' => 1; attribute 'attitude' => sub { return $self->bothered ? 1 : 0 }; 1; The attribute keyword takes two arguments, the attribute name and a constant or coderef that will be used as its default value. build The build keyword (or bld) registers a coderef to be run at instantiation much in the same way the common BUILD routine is used in modern-day OO systems. package MyApp::User; use Validation::Class; build sub { my ($self, %args) = @_; # ... do something }; # die like a Moose use Carp; build sub { my ($self, %args) = @_; my @attributes = qw(); foreach my $attribute (@attributes) { confess "Attribute ($attribute) is required" unless $self->$attribute; } }; The build keyword takes one argument, a coderef which is passed the instantiated class object. directive The directive keyword (or dir) creates custom validator directives to be used in your field definitions. It is a means of extending the pre-existing directives table before runtime and is ideal for creating custom directive extension packages to be used in all your classes. package MyApp::Directives; use Validation::Class; use Data::Validate::Email; directive 'is_email' => sub { my ($dir, $value, $field, $self) = @_; my $validator = Data::Validate::Email->new; unless ($validator->is_email($value)) { my $handle = $field->{label} || $field->{name}; $field->{errors}->add("$handle must be a valid email address"); return 0; } return 1; }; package MyApp::User; use Validate::Class; use MyApp::Directives; field 'email' => { is_email => 1, ... }; 1; The directive keyword takes two arguments, the name of the directive and a coderef which will be used to validate the associated field. The coderef is passed four ordered parameters, the value of directive, the value of the field (parameter value), the field object (hashref), and the instantiated class object. The validator MUST return true or false. Additionally, if you only desire to extend the list of acceptable directives, you can create a no-op by simply returning true, e.g.: directive 'new_addition' => sub {1}; field The field keyword (or fld) creates a data validation rule for reuse and validation in code. The field name should correspond with the parameter name expected to be passed to your validation class. package MyApp::User; use Validation::Class; field 'login' => { required => 1, min_length => 1, max_length => 255, ... }; The field keyword takes two arguments, the field name and a hashref of key/values pairs known as directives. The field keyword also creates accessors which provide easy access to the field's corresponding parameter value(s). Accessors will be created using the field's name as a label having any special characters replaced with an underscore. field 'login' => { required => 1, min_length => 1, max_length => 255, ... }; field 'preference.send_reminders' => { required => 1, max_length => 1, ... }; my $value = $self->login; $self->login($new_value); $self->preference_send_reminders; Protip: Field directives are used to validate scalar and array data. Don't use fields to store and validate blessed objects. Please see the *has* keyword instead or use an object system with type constraints like Moose. filter The filter keyword (or flt) creates custom filters to be used in your field definitions. It is a means of extending the pre-existing filters table before runtime and is ideal for creating custom directive extension packages to be used in all your classes. package MyApp::Directives; use Validation::Class; filter 'flatten' => sub { $_[0] =~ s/[\t\r\n]+/ /g; $_[0] # return }; package MyApp::User; use Validate::Class; use MyApp::Directives; field 'description' => { filters => ['trim', 'flatten'], ... }; 1; The filter keyword takes two arguments, the name of the filter and a coderef which will be used to filter the value the associated field. The coderef is passed the value of the field and that value MUST be operated on directly. The coderef should also return the transformed value. load The load keyword (or set), which can also be used as a method, provides options for extending the current class by attaching other Validation::Class classes as relatives, roles, plugins, etc. The process of applying roles to the current class mainly involve copying the role's methods and configuration. package MyApp; use Validation::Class; # load stuff (extend MyApp) load { # run package commands }; 1; The "load.classes" option, can be a constant or arrayref and uses Module::Find to load all child classes (in-all-subdirectories) for convenient access through the class() method. Existing parameters and configuration options are passed to the child class' constructor. All attributes can be easily overwritten using the attribute's accessors on the child class. These child classes are often referred to as relatives. This option accepts a constant or an arrayref of constants. package MyApp; use Validation::Class; # load all child classes load { classes => [ __PACKAGE__ ] }; package main; my $app = MyApp->new; my $rel = $app->class('relative'); # new MyApp::Relative object my $rel = $app->class('data_source'); # MyApp::DataSource my $rel = $app->class('datasource-first'); # MyApp::Datasource::First 1; The "load.plugins" option is used to load plugins that support Validation::Class. A Validation::Class plugin is little more than a class that implements a "new" method that extends the associated validation class object. As usual, an official Validation::Class plugin can be referred to using shorthand while custom plugins are called by prefixing a plus symbol to the fully-qualified plugin name. Learn more about plugins at Validation::Class::Intro. This option accepts a constant or an arrayref of constants. package MyVal; use Validation::Class; load { plugins => [ 'CPANPlugin', # Validation::Class::Plugin::CPANPlugin '+MyVal::Plugin' ] }; 1; The "load.roles" option is used to load and inherit functionality from child classes, these classes should be used and thought-of as roles. Any validation class can be used as a role with this option. This option accepts a constant or an arrayref of constants. package MyVal::User; use Validation::Class; load { roles => [ 'MyVal::Person' ] }; 1; Purely for the sake of aesthetics we have designed an alternate syntax for executing load/set commands, the syntax is as follows: package MyVal::User; use Validation::Class; load roles => ['MyVal::Person']; load classes => [__PACKAGE__]; load plugins => [ 'CPANPlugin', # Validation::Class::Plugin::CPANPlugin '+MyVal::Plugin' ]; method The method keyword (or mth) is used to create an auto-validating method. Similar to method signatures, an auto-validating method can leverage pre-existing validation rules and profiles to ensure a method has the required data necessary to proceed. package MyApp::User; use Validation::Class; method 'register' => { input => ['name', '+email', 'login', '+password'], output => ['+id'], # optional output validation, dies on failure using => sub { my ($self, @args) = @_; # .... do something registrationy $self->id(...); # set the ID field for output validation return $self; } }; package main; my $user = MyApp::User->new(params => $params); if ($user->register) { ... } 1; The method keyword takes two arguments, the name of the method to be created and a hashref of required key/value pairs. The hashref must have an "input" variable whose value is either an arrayref of fields to be validated, or a constant value which matches a validation profile name. The hashref must also have a "using" variable whose value is a coderef which will be executed upon successfully validating the input. Whether and what the method returns is yours to decide. Optionally the required hashref can have an "output" variable whose value is either an arrayref of fields to be validated, or a constant value which matches a validation profile name which will be used to perform data validation after the coderef has been executed. Please note that output validation failure will cause the program to die, the premise behind this decision is based on the assumption that given successfully validated input a routine's output should be predictable and if an error occurs it is most-likely a program error as opposed to a user error. See the ignore_failure and report_failure switch to control how method input validation failures are handled. mixin The mixin keyword (or mxn) creates a validation rules template that can be applied to any field using the mixin directive. Mixin directives are processed first so existing field directives will override the mixed-in directives. package MyApp::User; use Validation::Class; mixin 'constrain' => { required => 1, min_length => 1, max_length => 255, ... }; # e.g. field 'login' => { mixin => 'constrain', ... }; The mixin keyword takes two arguments, the mixin name and a hashref of key/values pairs known as directives. object The object keyword (or obj) registers a class object builder which builds and returns a class object on-demand. The object keyword also creates a method on the calling class which invokes the builder. Unlike class attributes, this method does not cache or otherwise store the returned class object it constructs. package MyApp::Database; use DBI; use Validation::Class; field name => { required => 1, }; field host => { required => 1, }; field port => { required => 1, }; field user => { required => 1, }; field pass => { # ... }; object connect => { type => 'DBI', init => 'connect', # defaults to new args => sub { join(':', 'dbi', 'mysql', @{$_[0]}{qw/name host port/}), @{$_[0]}{qw/user pass/}) ; } }; package main; my $database = MyApp::Database->new( name => 'test', host => 'localhost', port => '3306', user => 'root' ); $database->connect or die $DBI::errstr; The object keyword takes two arguments, an object builder name and a hashref of key/value pairs which are used to instruct the builder on how to construct the object. The supplied hashref should be configured as follows: # class to construct type => 'ClassName', # optional: constructor name (defaults to new) init => 'new', # optional: coderef which returns arguments for the constructor args => sub {} profile The profile keyword (or pro) stores a validation profile (coderef) which as in the traditional use of the term is a sequence of validation routines that validate data relevant to a specific action. package MyApp::User; use Validation::Class; profile 'signup' => sub { my ($self, @args) = @_; # ... do other stuff return $self->validate(qw( +name +email +email_confirmation -login +password +password_confirmation )); }; package main; my $user = MyApp::User->new(params => $params); unless ($user->validate_profile('signup')) { die $user->errors_to_string; } The profile keyword takes two arguments, a profile name and coderef which will be used to execute a sequence of actions for validation purposes. METHODS new The new method instantiates a new class object, it performs a series of actions (magic) required for the class function properly, and for that reason, this method should never be overridden. Use the build keyword to hooking into the instantiation process. package MyApp; use Validation::Class; # optionally build sub { my ($self, @args) = @_; # is instantiated }; package main; my $app = MyApp->new; ... prototype The prototype method (or proto) returns an instance of the associated class prototype. The class prototype is responsible for manipulating and validating the data model (the class). It is not likely that you'll need to access this method directly, see "THE PROTOTYPE CLASS" in Validation::Class. package MyApp; use Validation::Class; package main; my $app = MyApp->new; my $prototype = $app->prototype; ... THE PROTOTYPE CLASS This module provides mechanisms (sugar functions to model your data) which allow you to define self-validating classes. Each class you create is associated with a *prototype* class which provides data validation functionality and keeps your class' namespace free from pollution, please see Validation::Class::Prototype for more information on specific methods, and attributes. All derived classes will have a prototype-class attached to it which does all the heavy lifting (regarding validation and error handling). The prototype injects a few proxy methods into your class which are basically aliases to your prototype class methods, however it is possible to access the prototype directly using the proto/prototype methods. package MyApp::User; use Validation::Class; package main; my $user = MyApp::User->new; my $proto = $user->prototype; $proto->error_count # same as calling $self->error_count THE OBJECT SYSTEM All derived classes will benefit from the light-weight, straight-forward and simple object system Validation::Class provides. The conventional constructor "new" should be used to instantiate a new object, and the "bld"/"build" keywords can be used to hook into the instantiation process. Your classes can be configured to cooperate with an existing design or modern OO framework like Moose, Mouse, Moo, etc. The following example explains how to setup a Validation::Class class in cooperation with Moose (while this example focuses on Moose, the approach is the same regardless of the existing system): # USING MOOSE AS YOUR PRIMARY OO SYSTEM package MyApp; use Moose; use Validation::Class '!has'; # in cooperative mode, dont export has() # you must run initialization routines yourself ... # specifying it in a BUILD routine will run it automatically sub BUILD { my ($self, $args) = @_; $self->initialize_validator( params => $args->{params} ); } field login => { min_length => 5 max_length => 50 }; field password => { min_length => 8, min_symbols => 1 max_length => 50 }; # USING MOOSE AS YOUR SECONDARY/BACKUP OO SYSTEM package MyApp; use Validation::Class '!has'; # avoids has() keyword clash use Moose; field login => { min_length => 5 max_length => 50 }; field password => { min_length => 8, min_symbols => 1 max_length => 50 }; has database => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'DBI::db', ... ); 1; This cooperation works by simply detecting the existence of a method named "new", the name traditionally reserved for a class constructor which if detected signals Validation::Class to install a method named "initialize" as opposed to installing its own constructor. The installed method, "initialize", encapsulates the functionality which prepares the class for interaction with its corresponding prototype class, this function must be called before using the Validation::Class features provided. If this concept isn't clear to you you needn't worry as this is very low-level, all you need you understand is that Validation::Class will install a constructor or a method named initialize if a constructor already exists, either way, the installed method should be called before executing methods on the class. As previously stated, Validation::Class injects a few proxy methods into your class which are basically aliases to your prototype class methods. You can find additional information on the prototype class and its method at Validation::Class::Prototype. The following is a list of *proxy* methods, methods which are injected into your class as shorthand to methods defined in the prototype class (these methods are overridden): class $self->class; See "class" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. clear_queue $self->clear_queue; See "clear_queue" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. error_count $self->error_count; See "error_count" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. error_fields $self->error_fields; See "error_fields" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. errors $self->errors; See "errors" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. head2 errors_to_string $self->errors_to_string; See "errors_to_string" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. get_errors $self->get_errors; See "get_errors" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. get_fields $self->get_fields; See "get_fields" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. get_params $self->get_params; See "get_params" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. fields $self->fields; See "fields" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. filtering $self->filtering; See "filtering" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. ignore_failure $self->ignore_failure; See "ignore_failure" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. ignore_unknown $self->ignore_unknown; See "ignore_unknown" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. param $self->param; See "param" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. params $self->params; See "params" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. plugin $self->plugin; See "plugin" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. queue $self->queue; See "queue" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. report_failure $self->report_failure; See "report_failure" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. report_unknown $self->report_unknown; See "report_unknown" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. reset_errors $self->reset_errors; See "reset_errors" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. reset_fields $self->reset_fields; See "reset_fields" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. reset_params $self->reset_params; See "reset_params" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. set_errors $self->set_errors; See "set_errors" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. set_fields $self->set_fields; See "set_fields" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. set_params $self->set_params; See "set_params" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. set_method $self->set_method; See "set_method" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. stash $self->stash; See "stash" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. validate $self->validate; See "validate" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. validate_method $self->validate_method; See "validate_method" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. validate_profile $self->validate_profile; See "validate_profile" in Validation::Class::Prototype for full documentation. EXTENDING VALIDATION::CLASS Validation::Class does NOT provide method modifiers but can be easily extended with Class::Method::Modifiers. before before foo => sub { ... }; See "before method(s) => sub { ... }" in Class::Method::Modifiers for full documentation. around around foo => sub { ... }; See "around method(s) => sub { ... }" in Class::Method::Modifiers for full documentation. after after foo => sub { ... }; See "after method(s) => sub { ... }" in Class::Method::Modifiers for full documentation. SEE ALSO Additionally you may want to look elsewhere for your data validation needs so the following is a list of recommended validation libraries/frameworks you might do well to look into. Validate::Tiny is nice for simple use-cases, it has virtually no dependencies and solid test coverage. Data::Verifier is a great approach towards adding robust validation options to your existing Moose classes. Also, I have also heard some good things about Data::FormValidator as well. AUTHOR Al Newkirk <anewkirk@ana.io> COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE This software is copyright (c) 2011 by Al Newkirk. This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.